This study investigated the risk factors associated with recent and chronic HIV infections among individual attending a voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) site in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In a cross-sectional study, recent HIV infections were detected by the sensitive/less-sensitive test, using Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS) strategy, and compared to chronic HIV infection and HIV negative individuals. Seroincidence was estimated and risk factors associated with recent and chronic infections were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Among the 7,379 individuals tested between June 2006 and April 2007, the overall prevalence and incidence of HIV infection were 7.5%; and 1.39/100 PY, respectively. In multivariate analysis, having a HIV positive steady partner was a risk factor for recent and for chronic HIV infection for MSM, heterosexual male and women. No differences in risk factors for recent and chronic infections were found between MSM and heterosexual males. Among women, chronic infected individuals were more likely than HIV negatives to be older. Recently HIV infected women were more likely than HIV negatives to be less educated; and more likely than HIV negatives and chronically infected to report having more partners. Routinely used risk-based assessment in testing centers in Brazil lack sensitivity to distinguish between recent and chronic infections, particularly among MSM and heterosexual males. Steady relationships and serosorting may be playing a key role in maintaining the HIV epidemics in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the early loss of patients to antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in resource-limited settings. METHODS: Using data on 5491 adult patients starting ART (median age 35 years, 46% female) in 15 treatment programmes in Africa, Asia and South America with ³ 12 months of follow-up, we investigated risk factors for no follow-up after treatment initiation, and loss to follow-up or death in the first 6 months. FINDINGS: Overall, 211 patients (3.8%) had no follow-up, 880 (16.0%) were lost to follow-up and 141 (2.6%) were known to have died in the first 6 months. The probability of no follow-up was higher in 2003-2004 than in 2000 or earlier (odds ratio, OR: 5.06; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.28-20.0), as was loss to follow-up (hazard ratio, HR: 7.62; 95% CI: 4.55-12.8) but not recorded death (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.44-2.36). Compared with a baseline CD4-cell count ³ 50 cells/µl, a count < 25 cells/µl was associated with a higher probability of no follow-up (OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.43-4.33), loss to follow-up (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) and death (HR: 3.34; 95% CI: 2.10-5.30). Compared to free treatment, fee-for-service programmes were associated with a higher probability of no follow-up (OR: 3.71; 95% CI: 0.97-16.05) and higher mortality (HR: 4.64; 95% CI: 1.11-19.41). CONCLUSION: Early patient losses were increasingly common when programmes were scaled up and were associated with a fee for service and advanced immunodeficiency at baseline. Measures to maximize ART programme retention are required in resource-poor countries.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la pérdida temprana de pacientes para el seguimiento en los programas de tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) aplicados en entornos con recursos limitados. MÉTODOS: A partir de los datos de 5491 pacientes adultos que comenzaron el TAR (mediana de la edad: 35 años, mujeres en el 46% de los casos) en 15 programas de tratamiento en África, Asia y América del Sur con al menos 12 meses de seguimiento, investigamos los factores de riesgo de seguimiento nulo tras el inicio del tratamiento, y de pérdida para el seguimiento o defunción durante los 6 primeros meses. RESULTADOS: Globalmente, 211 pacientes (3,8%) no fueron objeto de seguimiento alguno, 880 (16,0%) fueron perdidos para el seguimiento y 141 (2,6%) murieron antes de transcurridos seis meses. La probabilidad de seguimiento nulo fue mayor en 2003-2004 que en 2000 o en años anteriores (razón de posibilidades [odds ratio, OR]: 5,06; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%, IC95%: 1,28-20,0), al igual que la pérdida para el seguimiento (cociente de riesgos instantáneos [hazard ratio, HR]: 7,62; IC95%: 4,55-12,8), pero no así la mortalidad registrada (HR: 1,02; IC95%: 0,44-2,36). En comparación con un recuento de CD4 ³ 50 células/µl al comienzo del estudio, un recuento < 25 células/µl se asoció a una probabilidad mayor de seguimiento nulo (OR: 2,49; IC95%: 1,43-4,33), de pérdida para el seguimiento (HR: 1,48; IC95%: 1,23-1,77) y de defunción (HR: 3,34; IC95%: 2,10-5,30). Comparados con el tratamiento gratuito, los programas con cobro de honorarios por servicios prestados se asociaron a un aumento de la probabilidad de seguimiento nulo (OR: 3,71; IC95%: 0,97-16,05) y a una mayor mortalidad (HR: 4,64; IC95%: 1,11-19,41). CONCLUSIÓN: Las pérdidas tempranas de pacientes para el seguimiento fueron más frecuentes cuando los programas se expandieron, y se asociaron al cobro de honorarios por servicios prestados y a una inmunodeficiencia avanzada al inicio del estudio. Se deben tomar medidas para optimizar la retención de los pacientes en los programas de TAR en los países con recursos escasos.

OBJECTIF: Analyser la perte précoce de patients par les programmes de traitement antirétroviral (ART) dans les pays à ressources limitées. MÉTHODES: A partir des données concernant 5491 patients adultes débutant un traitement ART (âge médian : 35 ans, 46 % de femmes), dans le cadre de 15 programmes de traitement en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique du Sud comprenant un suivi de 12 mois et plus, nous avons étudié les facteurs d'absence de suivi après le début du traitement et les nombres de perdus pour le suivi et de décès au cours des 6 premiers mois. RÉSULTATS: Globalement, 211 patients (3,8 %) n'ont pas eu de suivi, 880 (16,0 %) ont été perdus pour le suivi et 141 (2,6 %) sont décédés, à la connaissance du programme, dans les 6 premiers mois. La probabilité d'une absence de suivi était plus élevée pendant la période 2003-2004 qu'en 2000 ou dans les années antérieures (odds ratio, OR : 5,06 ; intervalle de confiance à 95 %, IC : 1,28-20,0) et il en était de même pour les perdus pour le suivi (ratio de danger, RD : 7,62 ; IC à 95 % : 4,55-12,8), mais pas pour le nombre de décès enregistrés (RD : 1,02 ; IC à 95 % : 0,44-2,36). Par rapport à une numération des CD4 de référence ³ 50 cellules/µl, une numération < 25 cellules/µl était associée à une plus forte probabilité d'absence de suivi (OR : 2,49 ; IC à 95 % : 1,43-4,33), de perte pour le suivi (RD : 1,48 ; IC à 95 % : 1,23-1,77) et de décès (RD : 3,34 ; IC à 95 % : 2,10-5,30). Par rapport à un traitement gratuit, les programmes fonctionnant avec une tarification à l'acte était associés à une plus grande probabilité d'absence de suivi (OR : 3,71 ; IC à 95 % : 0,97-16,05) et à une plus forte mortalité (RD : 4,64 ; IC à 95 % : 1,11-19,41). CONCLUSION: Les pertes précoces de patients sont devenues de plus en plus courantes avec l'élargissement des programmes et sont associées à la tarification à l'acte et à une immunodéficience avancée au départ du traitement. Des mesures pour augmenter au maximum la rétention des patients dans les programmes ART sont nécessaires dans les pays à faibles ressources.

To characterize antibody binding to a panel of V3 loop peptides representing diverse HIV-1 neutralization epitopes, 149 HIV-1 infected individuals from Rio de Janeiro (RJ) were investigated. Results were analyzed with respect to risk factors for infection and other epidemiological and clinical data. Peptide reactivity was not associated with sex, clinical status, CD4 counts, antigenemia or ß2-microglobulin serum level. A segregation of peptide reactivity according to route of infection was encountered. This finding suggests that more then one viral strain may be circulating in RJ, in subjects with different risk factors for HIV-1 infection. An investigation of prevalent HIV-1 genotypes, serotypes and immunotypes may be of importance for the design and selection of potential vaccines to be used in Brazil as well as for the selection of populations to be included in future vaccine efficacy trials.

É relatado o caso de um paciente com miopatia de apresentação clínica incomum como manifestação inicial da infecção por HIV. O paciente apresentava aumento de volume dos membros acompanhado de sinais flogísticos e elevação dos níveis séricos de enzimas musculares. A alteração histopatológica predominante consistia em necrose segmentar de fibrocélulas musculares esqueléticas. Evoluiu com pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii, tratada satisfatoriamente com sulfametoxazol e trimetropim. Apesar do uso sucessivo de indometacina, prednisona e dexametasona, a miopatia continuava a progredir. Após administração de methotrexate, houve regressão do quadro neurológico.

Report of an unusual case of myopathy in an HIV infected patient, responsive only to the immunossupressor drug methothexate. The patient was a 39 year old homosexual male with no past history of HIV-related manifestations. One month prior to admission he noticed that his left thigh was swollen and painful. Two weeks later both arms became enlarged and tender. A few days before admission he noticed intermitent fever and progressive dyspnea. Upon admission, oral thrush, dyspnea and global enlargment of both arms was noted. There was no articular involvement. Fiberoptic broncoscopy revealed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Serology for HIV was positive. Tests for antinuclear antibodies were negative. Serum CPK level was 1019 IU. Capillaroscopy was compatible with vasculitis. Muscle biopsy revealed multifocal myonecrosis. PCP was successfully treated with standard doses of TMP/SMZ. Although indomethacin, prednisone and dexamethasone were administered in succession, there was relentless progression of myopathy and persistence of fever. Six days after administration of methotrexate, the patient defervesced, volume of arms and legs diminished. CPK levels returned to normal after a second course of methotrexate. Upon reduction of the dose thigh enlargement recrudesced. The patient remained asymptomatic on weekly doses of methothexate. He died five months later of acute respiratory failure.

A frequência de manifestações neurológicas foi analisada em 653 pacientes so-ropositivos para o HIV, internados em um hospital universitário na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre 1985 e 1989. Do total de pacientes, 172 (26%) apresentavam sintomas referentes ao sistema nervoso. Nesta população, foram estudados os diferentes fatores de risco e distribuição etária. Dentre as complicações observadas predominaram: toxoplasmose cerebral (80), neurocriptococose (57), encefalite subaguda (17) e meningite tuberculosa (8). Fez-se correlação entre os aspectos clínicos e tomográficos. A maioria dos casos (60%) evoluiu para o óbito no período estudado e 89% destes tiveram sobrevida inferior a 6 meses.

The frequency of neurological manifestations was evaluated in 653 HIV infected patients admitted in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, in the 1985-1989 period. A total of 172 (26%) patients developed neurological symptoms. Central nervous system complications included: cerebral toxoplasmosis (80), cryptococcal meningitis (57), subacute encephalitis (17), tuberculosis (8) and aseptic meningitis (2), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (2) and vacuolar mielopathy (6). Peripheral neuropathy occurred in three cases. The clinical and tomographic aspects were analysed. The majority of the patients died within six months after the onset of the neurological disease.

Teoricamente, testes sorológicos que utilizem antígenos purificados por cromatografia de afinidade podem permitir diagnóstico cepaespecífico mesmo quando parasitas não são isoláveis de hospedeiro infectado. Um antígeno de Trypanosoma cruzi foi purificado por cromatografia de afinidade utilizando anticorpo monoclonal (2E2C11) zimodema (Z) específico. Um teste ELISA baeado em tal antígeno mostrou ser capaz de discriminar soros de coelhos imunizados com clones representativos de diferentes zimodemas. No entando, quando soros de camundongos infectados foram analisados, tal teste mostrou-se incapaz de discriminação.

Theoretically, serological assays with affinity purified marker antigens can allow strain-specific diagnosis even when parasites cannot be retrieved from and infected host. A Trypanosoma cruzi antigen was purified by affinity chromatography using a zymodeme (Z) 2 specific monoclonal antibody (2E2C11). An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the purified antigen could discriminate between sera from rabbits immunized with T. cruzi zymodeme clones but could not discriminate between sera from mice infected with different zymodemes.